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The following information was gathered from: Unknown
CIA Covert Operations
Author Unknown
Historical Beginnings
1947: Formed by Truman, as supported by section 102 of the National Security Act of 1947 principally assigned the missions of:
•Coordinate the U.S. intelligence effort. •Correlate and evaluate intelligence (but other intelligence agencies may also do so). •CIA will access to the product of other intelligence agencies (including information from the FBI) •Eschew police and internal security functions (in other words no domestic operation •CIA reports to the President through the National Security Council and should perform such other functions and duties related to intelligence affecting the national security as the National Security Council may from time to time direct.
12/47: NSC Directive 4/A placed the CIA in charge of "psychological operations", most likely in response to the October formation of the Cominform, a collective propoganda organization whose members were not only the Eastern Bloc countries but included the Soviet Union, France, Italy, Bulgariak, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia. The addition of France and Italy in this list did not come as a surprise, as it was seen that the Soviet Union was already infiltrating labor unions, student organizations, women's organizations, and others in both countries. The CIA had already been directed by the CIA to "prop up" the democracy in Italy.
12/22/47: DCI Hillinkoetter sent James Angleton to Italy to set up a "special procedure group" to direct such covert operations as "might be authorized". By 1948, Angleton was receiving adequate sums to be used to subsidize the center right in Italian politics, and to manipulate opinion through forgeries and other devices.
1/48: Secratary of State Forrestal urged DCI Hillenkoetter to intensify cover operations in Italy to support the democratic government. Forrestal was reluctant both becuase of the repercussions to any public disclosure which could occur, and because he the agency's legal counsel did not believe they had the authority to conduct covert operations without the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate.
2/48: NSC declared Italy essential to the U.S. national security, and that the country be preserved from external attack and from subversion by Soviet dominated communist movements within Italy.
4/9/48: During meetings to setup the charter for the Organization of American States (OAS), the Liberal Party opposition leader Jorge Eliecar Gaitan was killed by an assasin. This touched off riots, all occuring on the same day as the U.S. Washington Post had released the precepts of a U.S. propoganda program to "counter-inform". The CIA was wrongly taken to task for not providing intelligence on the riot.
5/48: NSC 10/2 cancelled 4/A and established a new covert operational branch of the CIA. Its covert operations would have to be of a type which the U.S. Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility and could not involve armed conflict by recognized military forces, but could include propoganda; economic warfare; preventitive direct action, including sabotage, anti- sabotage, demolition, and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, includingg assistance to underground resistance movements, guerillas and refugee liberation groups, and support of indigenous anti-communist elements in threatened countries of the free world.
1949: Central Intelligence Act of 1949, provided the CIA with a seal of office, authorized training for CIA officers, and specified employment conditions (personnel issues). More importantly, the act specified how the CIA could use secret funds (one budget item to be doled out by the DCI as needed without normal accounting review), the right to borrow personnel from other agencies of government (Military, FBI, NSA, etc.), to ignore immigration laws, allowing up to one hundred illegal aliens per year (allowing the use of defectors), and gave the DCI the right to determine what in the CIA is should be kept secret.
Chronological History of Operations
RADIO FREE EUROPE,
1949
Radio Free Europe
setup as a major propoganda tool, broadcasting into Eastern Europe.
GREECE, 1949
Truman authorized
major aid to Greek anti-communists as part of a coopertive plan with the
British MI-6.
ALBANIA, 1949
CIA's first (as
far as we know) attempt to topple a government, was against the goverment
of Enver Hoxha of Albania. This was also a plan taken over from the financially
strapped British (MI-6). Funds were given to the British to support their
agents in Albania. The operations failed, primarily it would seem due to
Kim Philby, a very famous Soviet Agent in the British MI-6 contingent in
Washington, D.C.
PHILIPPINES 1948
1948-1954: CIA worked
with indigenous folk in the Philippines to help defeat the HUK left wing
insurgency movement (funds and support were used rather than actual CIA
agents). This was a clear case of successful counter-insurgency due to
a major contribution of Lt. Colonel Edward G. Lansdale, an Air Force Officer
actually volunteered to the the CIA who befriended Ramon Magsaysay who
was eventually elected in 1953. As part of this operation the U.S. built
4000 prefabricated schoolhouses. The key to the victory was the advocacy
of local nationalism and promotion by indigenous personnel rather than
advocacy from external sources.
10/10/49: Civil Air Transport began operating exclusively as part of the CIA's worlwide air transport company, and now the most well known of the CIA "propietaries".
IRAN 1953
8/53: Prime Minister
of Iran, Mohammed Mosaddeq was ousted by Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi, who
became the Shah of Iran. The "legned" is that five U.S. Army officers on
loan to the CIA financed the coup with US$1 million worth of Iranian cash
in Tehran, led by Kermit (Kim) Roosevelt, the grandson of Teddy Roosevelt
and cousin to FDR. British Petroleum (in their wholly owned company Anglo-Iranian
Old Company) probably contributed a great deal to the coup as well.
GUATEMALA 1954
1954: CIA engineered
the downfall of the democratically elected leftward leaning President of
Guatemala Jacobo Arbenz Guzman. Unfortunately the man taking over was Colonel
Carlos Castillo Armas who soon became a notorious dictator. The coup was
in part due to propoganda broadcasts from the "Voice of Liberation" radio
stations run by the CIA accusing Arbenz of ineptitude, and having communist
sympathies (including faking news of a shipment of arms from Czechoslovakia).
The final lie was news of a massive overland invading force of rebels,
which were in fact air missions by CAT and the CIA. It should be noted
that Che Guevara narrowly escaped capture in the operation, and became
a problem thereafter until his murder later in another CIA operation.
HUNGARY 1956
Due to a promise
made by the Republican administration to free Eastern Europe, a means for
enciting trouble within the Eastern bloc countries was being searched for.
A copy of Kruschev's secret de-Stalinization speech was broadcast over
Radio Free Europe. The members of the Hungarian Desk at Radio Free Europe
further hinted at U.S. aid coming to help East European countries who rose
against the communists. Hungarian dissidents killed 7000 Russians while
taking losses of 30,000 themselves before the revolt was crushed by some
200,000 Russian troops and 2,500 Russian tanks.
INDONESIA 1958
CIA attempted to
topple the leftward leaning government of President Achmed Sukarno. In
May of '58, a B-26 aircraft being operated by C.A.T. was shot down while
it was on a bombing and strafing mission to aid the rebels. The CIA involvement
became apparent and ended the operation.
NORTH VIETNAM 1954-1958
Edward Lansdale
could not succeed at overthrowing the existing government in North Vietname
despite his working on it from 1954 to 1958.
CUBA 1959-60s
Major propoganda
and support of young dissedents in Cuba. On December 11, 1959, CIA gave
the recommendation to eliminate Castro. Operation Mongoose was approved
in by Eisenhower within a few months, and reaffirmed by Kennedy to Lansdale
in November of 1961. Techniques were discussed from several different methods
of poisoning him, to the outrageous ideas of putting bombs in sea shells
by his beachhouse. The last of actual Mongoose operations died along with
Kennedy in November, 1963.
BAY OF PIGS APPROVAL,
8/18/60
Eisenhower approved
the Bay of Pigs as a paramilitary operation using indigenous personnel,
approving $13 million of covert funds.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
President Rafael
Leonidas Trujillo was targetted for assasination as well.
CONGO (Ziare)
Patrice Lumumba
of the Congo was to be assasinated but it appears his own people took the
problem out of the hands of the CIA.
SINGAPORE, SPRING
1961
CIA attempts to
infiltrate and subvert the Singapore Secret Police, and when discovered,
tries to bribe the Prime Minister to hush it up, requiring a very hasty
apology from Secretary of State Dean Rusk.
BAY OF PIGS, April
1961
A seven ship armarda
dropped anchor in the Bay of Pigs, composed of indigenous Cuban exiles.
Very poor intelligence on the landing site, resulted in the landing force
seeing that the area chosen was in fact an amusement park like area. With
no air cover, and the unreported concrete roads crisscrossing the area,
the Cuban forces were able to crush the invaders, and the CIA cover story
for the operation soon collapsed. Holding back of Office of Naval Intelligence
that pointed out that Castro was in fact quite popular, and lack of oversight
into the prerequisites for making the operation viable were blamed for
the mishap as well.
ALGERIA, 1958-1962
CIA gave funds to
Algerian students expelled from French universities to help in the fight
for Algerian independence. French press wrongly accussed the CIA of trying
to overthrow De Gaulle by supporting Maurice Challe and others to depose
De Gaulle, and even to assasinate De Gaulle.
CIA RE-ESTABLISHED,
1961
Following the Bay
of Pigs fiasco, Kennedy re- established the Special Group set up by Eisenhower
to oversee covert actions, assigning the same basic crew as Eisenhower
had, and named it the Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities.
It was also called the Special Group (Insurgency) and later the Special
Group (Augmented).
LAOS, 1962
CIA, hoping to prevent
a takeover by the Pathet Lao and North Vietnames Communist allies, recruited
MEO (local hill tribesman) to fight against the insurgents. These folks
were also later redirected into covert operations in Vietnam. There was
also a link with the U.S. Green Berets who were tasked with the training
of the MEO.
CHILE, 1962
CIA subsidizes the
activities of the Christian Democratic Party in Chile, by assisting Eduadro
Frei the Christian Democrat candidate to be elected as President of Chile.
Methods used were to target the woman of the country with images of tanks
swarming in from outside the country, using hourly propoganda message via
radio and newspapers.
ECUADOR, 1963
CIA helped overthrow
Carlos Julio Arosemena in July 1963 (ironic since he was placed in power
by and earlier CIA covert action).
CHILE ELECTION, 1964
CIA spread the disinformation
that Salvador Allende (the Socialist candidate) was receiving funds from
the Eastern Bloc and/or Cuba) and reinforced earlier propoganda against
Allende. Frei won the election after the CIA spent greater than $3 million
dollars on the successful operation.
PROJECT CAMELOT PROPOSED,
December 1964
Use of existing
research grants and foundations as well as creating front organizations
to promote studies into counterinsurgency think tanks to deal with unrest
in Latin America.
PROJECT CAMELOT PUBLICIZED,
1965
Distinguished Norwegian
pacifist Johan Galtung turns down a Project Camelot research grant and
publicizes the whole affair denouncing the whole program.
GUATEMALA, 1965
One week after PROJECT
CAMELOT gets so much publicity, US President Johnson proposes US paramilitary
intervention against democratic-liberal forces in Guatemala. CIA is tasked
with finding backup information to support Johnson's proposition that the
government in Guatemala was really a Cuban puppet government. DCI Raborn
could not come up with the goods.
RAMPARTS AFFAIR,
1966
April Issue of Ramparts
magazine disclosed the story of the CIA paying Michigan State University
#25 million to hire five CIA employees to train South Vietnames students
in covert police methods, and revealing that MIT and other universities
had recieved similiar payments.
NATIONAL STUDENTS'
ASSOCIATION, 1966
New York Times,
Washington Post, and Ramparts disclose the connection between the CIA and
the National Students' Association (NSA) using students for spying and
exploiting private institutions for channelling secret funds. Students
were recruited through blackmail and bribery in some cases, including draft
deferments.
OPERATION PHOENIX,
1967
CIA sponsors South
Vietnamese agents to identify and then neutralize Viet Cong leaders on
the village level. In 1971, in a Congressional hearing that around 20,000
Viet Cong activists were killed.
OPERATION CHAOS,
1967
In August of 1967,
plans were being drawn up for a domestic counterintelligence operation
with the cooperation of the FBI, to inflitrate and identify radical organizations
leadership and determine if there was foreign funding behind these groups.
Groups identified as targets were anti-war, civil rights, and women's groups.
The operation compiled files on some 7,200 U.S. citizens, and yielded the
information that there was no evidence that protests were anything other
than spontaneous and indigenous, with no observable contact between the
groups leaders and foreign embassies either in the U.S. or abroad.
BOLIVIA, 1967
In October of 1967,
Bolivian forces culminated in the suppresion of a coup led by Che Guervera,
with the final act of the execution of Guervera. In February, the Former
Bolivian Minster of Interior Antonio Arguedas Menietta recounted the CIA
arranging for the death of Guervera. In 1970, this was later confirmed
with stolen Bolivian military documents in "La CIA en Bolivia", by Gegorio
Selser.
GREEN BERETS and
the MEO, 1969
New York Times,
ran an article in October dealing with the use of Green Berets in the training
of the MEO and the "secret war in Laos".
CAMBODIA, 1970
March, 1970: No
hard evidence...Prince Norordom Sihanouk was ousted from government, and
in 1973 he wrote a book accusing the CIA of engineering his fall.
In April of 1970, CIA (authorized by Nixon) built a groundforce invasion into Cambodia with the objective to find and destroy a North Vietnamese headquarters in that country. This despite a CIA analysis recommending against such a move, and the fact that the evidence for the headquarters was poor.
CHILE, 1970
Salvador Allende
once again ran for office, and the CIA was inneffective in preventing his
election, despite Nixon's forcing the issue of covert action against his
election before the 40 committee.
Nixon authorized $10 million dollars to overthrow Allende, with the CIA actually spending about $8 million.
CAMBODIA, 1972
Senator Clifford
P. Case offerred legislation to cut off U.S. funds for use in paying for
U.S. paramilitary operations in Cambodia, especially by the CIA, and the
law went into effect in December, 1972.
CASE-ZABLOCKI ACT
OF 1972
Requires Congressional
Review of Executive Agreements
WATERGATE BREAKIN,
1972
The "plumbers" assigned
by Nixon's White House Chief of Staff John Erlichman broke into the democratic
convention headquarters seeking information of democratic strategies. One
of those assigned to the break was an informer on the CIA payroll, Eugenio
R. Martinez. Nixon asked the CIA's DCI to cover up the operation, and Richard
Helms refused and was subsequently fired after Nixon's reelection.
CIA BEGINS COMPILATION
OF CIA ILLEGAL ACTS, 1973
Deputy Director
for Operations William Colby, on May 9, 1973 drafted a directive which
required all CIA personnel to report any and all illegal activities they
were aware of, and some time later drafted a report on all this information.
WAR POWERS ACT OF
1973
Prohibits the President
from waging war from than sixty days without Congressional approval.
TURKEY
Congress placed
an arms embargo on Turkey following its invasion of Cyprus.
CIA CLEARED OF COMPLICITY
IN PLUMBERS ACTS, 1974
House investigators
cleared the CIA of any complicity of the plumbers break in to the Democratic
National Convention at the Watergate.
CIA DOMESTIC SURVEILLANCE
AND INFILTRATION REPORTED, 1974
Pulitzer prize winner
Seymour Hersh published a story on the domestic surveillance and infiltration
of anti-war and civil rights groups in the U.S. CIA confirmed the main
points of the article in 1975.
HUGHES RYAN ACT OF
1974
Ammendment to the
Foreign Assitance Act, requiring the President to report and nonintelligence
CIA operations to relevant congressional committees in a timely fashion.
ANGOLA, 1975
40 Committee approved
CIA mission to Angola folowing the collapse of Portuguese colonial control,
with the aim to ensure a conservative victory in the developing civil war.
Clark Amendment, 1975
1/75, the House passed this amendment (having already been passed in the Senate) to cut off funds for covert operations in Angola.]
CHURCH COMMITTEE,
1975
On January 27, The
U.S. Senate voted to establish the Select Committee to Study Governmental
Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. One of the major documents
created by this committee was the history of the CIA written by Anne Karalekas.
AUSTRALIA, 1975
November 11, 1975:
British Government, retaining control by soverignty over the democratically
elected Australian government, replaced the highly liberal (some say purely
socialist) Prime Minister E. Gough Whitlam with a conservative Malcom Fraser.
This was believed to be a CIA inspired operation with British aid.
MAGAZINE BLOW'S LATIN
AMERICAN CIA COVER
In his book, "Inside
the Company", Phillip Agee lists a vertible who's who on active agents
in Latin America, followed by the radical quarterly "Counterspy" listing
among other things the position of Richard S. Welch, CIA Station Chief
in Greece as well as his address. Welch. Welch was assasinated on December
23rd, 1975.
SHAH OF IRAN FLEES,
1979
Helped into power
in 1953 by the CIA, the Shah of Iran, dieing of cancer and unable to surmount
declining economic conditions and fundamentalist moslem unrest in the country
fled to the U.S on January 16, 1979. CIA failed to predict his downfall
and in fact had no information as to the situation in Iran from August
1978 onward.
EGYPT, 1981
Anwar Sadat assasinated
by fundamentalists while reviewing a parade in his own country. Thus ended
a CIA information sharing operation with that country after Sadat threw
out the Soviets in 1972.
NICARAGUA, 1981
11/81, President
Reagan endorsed a support plan for supporting businessmen in Nicaragua,
as well as a $19 million dollar budget for covert and paramilitary operations
in that country. The paramilitary aid was in the form of support to the
"Contras" who raided Nicaragua from Honduras and Costa Rica.
Later that year, the U.S. mined main ports of Nicaragua.
Boland Amendment
Cut off funds to support anyone trying to overthrow the Nicaraguan government.
ISRAEL/IRAN/CONTRAS,
1983
May of 1983, Congress
continued funding for six more months, and arranging for $19 million for
the next fiscal year, but predicated on a majority vote of the Senate Select
Committee and the issuance of a finding from the President.
September 20, 1983, DCI Casey met with the COngressional Committee to go over the information the requested finding documented. On September 22, the finding was accepted and the $19 million dollars was appropriated out of the secret funds. DCI Casey was very nervous that they would not always win new rounds of funding and that the battle for funding for Nicaraguan operations was getting too tough.
LIBYA/BRAZIL/NICARAGUA,
1983
In the spring of
1983, CIA received intelligence that a Libyan arms shipment would be passing
through Brazil on its way to Nicaragua. DCI Casey held off taking any action
until their was some more detail on what was actually in the shipment.
When a manifest was copied and sent in from a human source in Libya, the
planes were stopped in Brazil (Casey working through John Motley with the
Brazlian Foreign Minister), and seventy tons of weapons and explosives
were found on board.
CHAD, 1983
President Hissen
Habre', continued to accept security and intelligence assistance from the
CIA in efforts to keep the pressure on Libya. (Security Assistance Operation)
PAKISTAN, 1983
CIA continued providing
funds to support President Mohammed Zia, insuring that he stayed in power,
as he was a staunch U.S. supporter, and had allowed the CIA to pour paramilitary
support through Pakistan into Afghanistan. (Security Assistance Operation)
PHILIPPINES, 1983
President Ferdanand
Marcos, received funds from the CIA to help in his fight against Communist
insurgents in the Philippines. (Security Assistance Operation)
LEBANON, 1983
CIA provided funds,
intelligence, and some forms of personal protection to President Amin Gemayel,
in hopes of preventing his assasination like his brother Bashir, a paid
CIA informant before he was elected President of Lebanon. (Security Assistance
Operation)
EL SALVADOR, 1983
CIA poured funds
into El Salvador, asking President Duarte to continue his battle against
leftist rebels, hoping to prevent a leftist takeover in El Salvador. (Security
Assistance Operation)
NICARAGUA, 1983
By October, 1983,
DCI Casey and a white house official Lt. Colonel Oliver North, began making
arrangements for the Israelis help in arming the Contras if additional
funding dried up.
North began building a list of folks who could be contacted by Contra supporters in the U.S. in order to get private funds, again in case funding was stopped by Congress.
October 11, 1983: CIA trained speedboat teams using indigenous Latino assets conducted a pre-dawn raid against the Nicaraguan fuel storage depot at the port of Corinto on the Pacific side of the country, blowing up their complete oil reserves. Three days later on October 14, 1983, the speedboat raiders struck similiar facilities in Puerto Sandino. Estimates for repairs of the facilities was better than $100,000 and of course repurchasing the oil was incredible.
LEBANON, 1983
In Beirut, Sunday,
at 6:22 am on October 23, a large yellow Mercedes truck drove into the
Marine compound. The truck was filled with approximately 12,000 pounds
of TNT. The suicide driver exploded his truck killing 241 American servicemen.
GRENADA, 1983
Also on October
23, the U.S. received a written eight point request from the OECS to intervene
in Grenada.
Reagan signed the Directive, and U.S. forces began to secretly move toward the invasion.
On October 25, the U.S. force plus several hundred soliders from other pro western Caribbean nations invaded Grenada.
AFGHANISTAN, 1984
CIA backing of Afghan
anti-communist rebels began right after the invasion by the Soviets, via
secret Congressional funding, continued through 1984 with a major secret
appropriation from Congress.
ANGOLA, 1984
The Senate in June,
and the House in July, repealed the Clark Amendment restricting use of
funds to overthrow the government in Angola.
IRAN, 1985
In order to win
help from moderates in Iran in freeing hostages in Beirut, President Reagan
authorized CIA under the operations officer Oliver North, to help Israel
to sell U.S. manufactured weapons to Iran.
IRAN, 1986
By January of 1986,
Reagan authorized the CIA to negotiate for direct sales of weapons to Iran
in return for influence in the return of the Beirut hostages.